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Title: First Thoughts on the War (August, 1914)
Author: Murray, George Gilbert Aim (1866-1957)
Date of first publication: October 1914
   [Hibbert Journal]
Edition used as base for this ebook:
   Faith, War, and Policy.
   Addresses and Essays on the European War.
   Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, August 1917
Date first posted: 2 October 2011
Date last updated: 2 October 2011
Project Gutenberg Canada ebook #862

This ebook was produced by: James Wright, Jen Haines
& the Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team
at http://www.pgdpcanada.net

This ebook was produced from images generously made
available by the Internet Archive/Columbia University Libraries






FAITH, WAR, AND POLICY




I

FIRST THOUGHTS ON THE WAR

(_August, 1914_)


I

"Not much news: Great Britain has declared war on Austria." The words
fell quite simply, and with no intention of irony, from the lips of a
friend of mine who picked up the newspaper on the day when I began to
write down these thoughts, August 13. So amazingly had the world
changed since the 4th. And it has changed even more by the time when
I revise the proofs.

During the month of July and earlier, English politics were by no means
dull. For my own part, my mind was profoundly occupied with a number of
public questions and causes: the whole maintenance of law and democratic
government seemed to be threatened, not to speak of social reform and
the great self-redeeming movements of the working-class. In the
forefront came anxiety for Home Rule and the Parliament Act, and a
growing indignation against various classes of "wreckers": those
reactionaries who seemed to be playing with rebellion, playing with
militarism, recklessly inflaming the party spirit of minorities so
as to make parliamentary government impossible; those revolutionaries
who were openly preaching the Class War and urging the working-man to
mistrust his own leaders and representatives and believe in nothing
but some helpless gospel of hate.

And now that is all swept away. We think no more of our great causes,
and we think no more of our mutual hatreds. Good and evil come
together. Our higher ideals are forgotten, but we are a band of
brothers standing side by side.

This is a great thing. The fine, instinctive generosity with which
the House of Commons, from Mr. Bonar Law to Mr. Redmond, rose to the
crisis has spread an impulse over the country. There is a bond of
fellowship between Englishmen who before had no meeting-ground. In
time past I have sometimes envied the working-men who can simply hail
a stranger as "mate": we dons and men of letters seem in ordinary
times to have no "mates" and no gift for getting them. But the ice
between man and man is broken now.

I think, too, that the feeling between different classes must have
softened. Rich business men, whom I can remember a short time ago
tediously eloquent on the vices of trades-unionists and of the
working-classes in general, are now instantly and without hesitation
making large sacrifices and facing heavy risks to see that as few men
as possible shall be thrown out of work, and that no women and
children shall starve. And working-men who have not money to give are
giving more than money, and giving it without question or grudge.
Thank God, we did not hate each other as much as we imagined; or
else, while the hatred was real enough on the surface, at the back of
our minds we loved each other more.

And the band of brothers is greater and wider than any of us dared to
believe. Many English hearts must have swelled with almost incredulous
gratitude to hear of the messages and the gifts which come flooding in
from all the dominions overseas: the gold, the grain, the sugar, the
tobacco; its special produce coming from each State, and from all of
them throngs of young men offering their strength and their life-blood.
And India above all! One who has cared much about India and has friends
among Indian Nationalists cannot read with dry eyes the messages that
come from all races and creeds of India, from Hindu and Moslem societies,
from princes and holy men and even political exiles.... We have not
always been sympathetic in our government of India; we have not always
been wise. But we have tried to be just; and we have given to India the
best work of our best men. It would have been hard on us if India had
shown no loyalty at all; but she has given us more than we deserved,
more than we should have dared to claim. Neither Indian nor Englishman
can forget it.


II

And there is something else. Travellers who have returned from France
or Belgium--or Germany for that matter--tell us of the unhesitating
heroism with which the ordinary men and women are giving themselves
to the cause of their nation. A friend of mine heard the words of one
Frenchwoman to another who was seeing her husband's train off to the
front: "_Ne pleurez pas, il vous voit encore._" When he was out of
sight the tears might come!... Not thousands but millions of women
are saying words like that to themselves, and millions of men going
out to face death.

We in England have not yet been put to the same tests as France and
Belgium. We are in the flush of our first emotion; we have not yet
had our nerves shaken by advancing armies, or our endurance ground
down by financial distress. But, as far as I can judge of the
feelings of people whom I meet, they seem to me to be ready to answer
any call that comes. We ask for 200,000 recruits and receive 300,000,
for half a million and we receive three quarters. We ask for more
still, and the recruiting offices are overflowing. They cannot cope
with the crowds of young men who cheerfully wait their turn at the
office doors or on the pavement, while fierce old gentlemen continue
to scold them in the newspapers. Certainly we are a quaint people.

And in the field! A non-combatant stands humbled before the wonderful
story of the retreat from Mons--the gallantry, the splendid skill,
the mutual confidence of all ranks, the absolute faithfulness. One
hardly dares praise such deeds; one admires them in silence. And it
is not the worshippers of war who have done this; it is we, the
good-natured, unmilitarist, ultra-liberal people, the nation of
humanitarians and shopkeepers.

Our army, indeed, is a professional army. What the French and the
Belgians have done is an even more significant fact for civilization.
It shows that the cultured, progressive, easy-living, peace-loving
nations of western Europe are not corrupted, at least as far as courage
goes. The world has just seen them, bourgeois and working-men, clerks,
schoolmasters, musicians, grocers, ready in a moment when the call
came; able to march and fight for long days of scorching sun or icy
rain; willing, if need be, to die for their homes and countries,
with no panic, no softening of the fibre... resolute to face death
and to kill.


III

For there is that side of it too. We have now not only to strain
every nerve to help our friend--we must strain every nerve also to
injure our enemy. This is horrible, but we must try to face the truth.
For my own part, I find that I do desperately desire to hear of German
dreadnoughts sunk in the North Sea. Mines are treacherous engines of
death; but I should be only too glad to help to lay one for them.
When I see that 20,000 Germans have been killed in such-and-such an
engagement, and next day that it was only 2000, I am sorry.

That is where we are. We are fighting for that which we love,
whatever we call it. It is the Right, but it is something even more
than the Right. For our lives, for England, for the liberty of
western Europe, for the possibility of peace and friendship between
nations; for something which we should rather die than lose. And lose
it we shall unless we can beat the Germans.


IV

Yet I have scarcely met a single person who seems to hate the
Germans. We abominate their dishonest Government, their unscrupulous
and arrogant diplomacy, the whole spirit of "blood-and-iron" ambition
which seems to have spread from Prussia through a great part of the
nation. But not the people in general. They, too, by whatever
criminal folly they were led into war, are fighting now for what they
call "the Right." For their lives and homes and their national pride,
for that strange "Culture," that idol of blood and clay and true
gold, which they have built up with so many tears. They have been
trebly deceived; deceived by their Government, deceived by their own
idolatry, deceived by their sheer terror. They are ringed about by
enemies; their one ally is broken; they hear the thunder of Cossack
hoofs in the east coming ever closer; and hordes of stupid moujiks
behind them, innumerable, clumsy, barbarous, as they imagine in their
shuddering dread, treading down the beloved Fatherland as they
come.... What do Germans care for punctilios and neutrality treaties
in the face of such a horror as that?

No: we cannot hate or blame the people in general. And certainly not
the individual Germans whom we know. I have just by me a letter from
young Fritz Hackmann, who was in Oxford last term and brought me an
introduction from a Greek scholar in Berlin: a charming letter, full
of gratitude for the very small friendlinesses I had been able to
show him. I remember his sunny smile and his bow with a click of the
heels. He is now fighting us.... And there is Paul Maass, too, a
young Doctor of Philosophy, recently married. He sent me a short time
back the photograph of his baby, Ulf, and we exchanged small jokes
about Ulf's look of wisdom and his knowledge of Greek and his imperious
habits. And now of course Maass is with his regiment and we shall do
our best to kill him, and after that to starve Ulf and Ulf's mother.

It is well for us to remember what war means when reduced to terms of
private human life. Doubtless we have most of us met disagreeable
Germans and been angry with them; but I doubt if we ever wanted to cut
their throats or blow them to pieces with lyddite. And many thousands
of us have German friends, or have come across good straight Germans
in business, or have carried on smiling and incompetent conversations
with kindly German peasants on walking tours. We must remember such
things as these, and not hate the Germans.

"A little later it may be different. In a few weeks English and
Germans will have done each other cruel and irreparable wrongs. The
blood of those we love will lie between us. We shall hear stories of
horrible suffering. Atrocities will be committed by a few bad or
stupid people on both sides, and will be published and distorted and
magnified. It will be hard to avoid hatred then; so it is well to try
to think things out while our minds are still clear, while we still
hate the war and not the enemy."

So I wrote three weeks ago. By the time I revise these lines the
prophecy has been more than fulfilled. No one had anticipated then
that the nightmare doctrines of Bismarck and Nietzsche and Bernhardi
would be actually enforced by official orders. "Cause to non-combatants
the maximum of suffering: leave the women and children nothing but
their eyes to weep with...." We thought they said these things just
to startle and shock us; and it now appears that some of them meant
what they said.... Still we must not hate the German people. Who knows
how many secret acts of mercy, mercy at risk of life and against orders,
were done at Louvain and Dinant? Germans are not demons; they are
naturally fine and good people. And they will wake from their evil dream.


V

"Never again!" I see that a well-known imperialist writes to the papers
saying that these words should be embroidered on the kit-bags of the
Royal Navy and painted on the knapsacks of all our soldiers. The
aspiration is perhaps too bold, for "Never" is a very large word; but
I believe it is the real aspiration of most civilized men, certainly
of most Englishmen. We are fighting for our national life, for our
ideals of freedom and honest government and fair dealing between
nations: but most men, if asked what they would like to attain at
the end of this war, if it is successful, would probably agree in
their answer. We seek no territory, no aggrandizement, no revenge;
we only want to be safe from the recurrence of this present horror.
We want permanent peace for Europe and freedom for each nation.

What is the way to attain it? The writer whom I have quoted goes on:
"The war must not end until German warships are sunk, her fortresses
razed to the ground, her army disbanded, her munitions destroyed, and
the military and civil bureaucrats responsible for opening hell gates
are shot or exiled." As if that would bring us any nearer to a
permanent peace! Crushing Germany would do no good. It would point
straight towards a war of revenge. It is not Germany, it is a system,
that needs crushing. Other nations before Germany have menaced the
peace of Europe, and other nations will do so again after Germany, if
the system remains the same.


VI

It is interesting to look back at the records of the Congress of
Vienna in 1815, at the end of the last great war of allied Europe
against a military despotism.

It was hoped then, a standard historian tells us, "that so great an
opportunity would not be lost, but that the statesmen would initiate
such measures of international disarmament as would perpetuate the
blessings of that peace which Europe was enjoying after twenty years
of warfare." Certain Powers wished to use the occasion for crushing
and humiliating France; but fortunately they did not carry the
Congress with them. Talleyrand persuaded the Congress to accept the
view that the recent wars had not been wars of nations, but of
principles. It had not been Austria, Russia, Prussia, England,
against France; it had been the principle of legitimacy against all
that was illegitimate, treaty-breaking, revolution, usurpation.
Bonapartism was to be destroyed; France was not to be injured.

Castlereagh, the English representative, concentrated his efforts
upon two great objects. The first, which he just failed to obtain,
owing chiefly to difficulties about Turkey, was a really effective
and fully armed Concert of Europe. He wished for a united guarantee
from all the Powers that they would accept the settlement made by the
Congress and would, in future, wage collective war against the first
breaker of the peace. The second object, which he succeeded in
gaining, was, curiously enough, an international declaration of the
abolition of the slave trade.

The principle of legitimacy--of ordinary law and right and custom--as
against lawless ambition: a Concert of Powers pledged by collective
treaty to maintain and enforce peace; and the abolition of the slave
trade! It sounds like the scheme of some new Utopia, and it was
really a main part of the political programme of the leaders of the
Congress of Vienna--of Castlereagh, Metternich, Talleyrand, Alexander
of Russia, and Frederick William of Prussia.... They are not names to
rouse enthusiasm nowadays. All except Talleyrand were confessed
enemies of freedom and enlightenment and almost everything that we
regard as progressive; and Talleyrand, though occasionally on the
right side in such matters, was not a person to inspire confidence.
Yet, after all, they were more or less reasonable human beings, and a
bitter experience had educated them. Doubtless they blundered; they
went on all kinds of wrong principles; they based their partition of
Europe on what they called "legitimacy," a perfectly artificial and
false legitimacy, rather than nationality; they loathed and dreaded
popular movements; they could not quite keep their hands from a
certain amount of picking and stealing. Yet, on the whole, we find
these men at the end of the Great War fixing their minds not on glory
and prestige and revenge, not on conventions and shams, but on ideals
so great and true and humane and simple that most Englishmen in
ordinary life are ashamed of mentioning them; trying hard to make
peace permanent on the basis of what was recognized as "legitimate"
or fair; and, amid many differences, agreeing at least in the
universal abolition of the slave trade.


VII

Our next conference of Europe ought to do far better if only we can
be sure that it will meet in the same high spirit. Instead of
Castlereagh, we shall send from England some one like Mr. Asquith or
Sir Edward Grey, with ten times more progressive and liberal feeling
and ten times more insight and understanding. Even suppose we send a
Conservative, Mr. Balfour or Lord Lansdowne, the advance upon
Castlereagh will be almost as great. Instead of Talleyrand, France
will send one of her many able republican leaders, from Clemenceau
to Delcass, certainly more honest and humane than Talleyrand. And
Germany--who can say? Except that it may be some one very different
from these militarist schemers who have brought their country to
ruin. In any case it is likely to be a wiser man than Frederick
William, just as Russia is bound to send a wiser man than Alexander.

And behind these representatives there will be a deeper and far more
intelligent feeling in the various peoples. In 1815 the nations were
sick of war after long fighting. I doubt if there was any widespread
conviction that war was in itself an abomination and an outrage on
humanity. Philosophers felt it, some inarticulate women and peasants
and workmen felt it. But now such a feeling is almost universal. It
commands a majority in any third-class railway carriage; it is
expressed almost as a matter of course in the average newspaper.

Between Waterloo and the present day there has passed one of the
greatest and most swiftly progressive centuries of all human history,
and the heart of Europe is really changed. I do not say we shall not
have Jingo crowds or that our own hearts will not thrill with the
various emotions of war, whether base or noble. But there is a
change. Ideas that once belonged to a few philosophers have sunk into
common men's minds; Tolstoy has taught us, the intimate records of
modern wars have taught us, free intercourse with foreigners has
educated us, even the illustrated papers have made us realize things.
In 1914 it is not that we happen to be sick of war; it is that we
mean to extirpate war out of the normal possibilities of civilized
life, as we have extirpated leprosy and typhus.


VIII

What kind of settlement can we hope to attain at the end of it all?

The question is still far off, and may have assumed astonishingly
different shapes by the time we reach it, but it is perhaps well to
try, now while we are calm and unhurt, to think out what we would
most desire.

First of all, no revenge, no deliberate humiliation of any enemy, no
picking and stealing.

Next, a drastic resettlement of all those burning problems which
carry in them the seeds of European war, especially the problems of
territory. Many of the details will be very difficult; some may prove
insoluble. But in general we must try to arrange, even at
considerable cost, that territory goes with nationality. The
annexation of Alsace-Lorraine has disturbed the west of Europe for
forty years; the wrong distributions of territory in the Balkan
peninsula have kept the spark of war constantly alive in the East,
and have not been fully corrected by the last Balkan settlement.
Every nation which sees a slice of itself cut off and held under
foreign rule is a danger to peace, and so is every nation that holds
by force or fraud an alien province. At this moment, if Austria had
not annexed some millions of Serbians in Bosnia and Herzegovina she
would have no mortal quarrel with Serbia. Any drastic rearrangement
of this sort will probably involve the break-up of Austria, a larger
Italy, a larger Serbia, a larger Germany--for the loss of
Alsace-Lorraine, of Danish Schleswig, and the Polish provinces would
be more than compensated by the accession of the Germanic parts of
Austria--and a larger Russia. But it is not big nations that are a
menace to peace; it is nations with a grievance or nations who know
that others have a grievance against them.

And shall we try again to achieve Castlereagh's and Alexander's ideal
of a permanent Concert, pledged to make collective war upon the
peace-breaker? Surely we must. We must at all costs and in spite of
all difficulties, because the alternative means such unspeakable
failure. We must learn to agree, we civilized nations of Europe, or
else we must perish. I believe that the chief counsel of wisdom here
is to be sure to go far enough. We need a permanent Concert, perhaps
a permanent Common Council, in which every awkward problem can be
dealt with before it has time to grow dangerous, and in which
outvoted minorities must accustom themselves to giving way. If we
examine the failures of the European Concert in recent years we shall
find them generally due to two large causes. Either some Powers came
into the council with unclean hands, determined to grab alien
territory or fatally compromised because they had grabbed it in the
past; or else they met too late, when the air was full of mistrust,
and not to yield had become a point of honour. Once make certain of
good faith and a clean start, and surely there is in the great Powers
of Europe sufficient unity of view and feeling about fundamental
matters to make it possible for them to work honestly together--at
any rate, when the alternative is stark ruin.... It is well to
remember that in this matter, from Alexander I onward, Russia has
steadily done her best to lead the way.

And the abolition of the slave trade! It is wonderful to think that
that was not only talked about but really achieved; the greatest
abomination in the world definitely killed, finished and buried,
never to return, as a result of the meeting of the Powers at the end
of the Great War. What can we hope for to equal that? The limitation
of armaments seems almost small in comparison.

We saw in the first week of the war what a nation and a government
can do when the need or the opportunity comes. Armies and fleets
mobilized, war risks assured, railways taken over, prices fixed ...
things that seemed almost impossible accomplished successfully in a
few days. One sentence in Mr. Lloyd George's speech on the financial
situation ran thus, if I remember the words: "This part of the
subject presents some peculiar difficulties, but I have no doubt they
will be surmounted with the utmost ease." That is the spirit in which
our Government has risen to its crisis, a spirit not of shallow
optimism, but of that active and hard-thinking confidence which
creates its own fulfilment. The power of man over circumstance is
now--even now in the midst of this one terrific failure--immeasurably
greater than it has ever yet been in history. Every year that passes
has shown its increase. When the next settling day comes the real
will of reasonable man should be able to assert itself and achieve
its end with a completeness not conceivable in 1815.


IX

This is not the time to make any definite proposals. Civilization has
still many slave trades to abolish. The trade in armaments is perhaps
the most oppressive of all, but there are others also, slave trades
social and intimate and international; no one can tell yet which ones
and how many it may be possible to overthrow. But there is one thing
that we must see. This war and the national aspiration behind the war
must not be allowed to fall into the hands of the militarists. I do
not say that we must not be ready for some form of universal service:
that will depend on the circumstances in which the war leaves us. But
we must not be militarized in mind and feeling; we must keep our
politics British and not Prussian. That is the danger. It is the danger
in every war. In time of war every interest, every passion, tends to be
concentrated on the mere fighting, the gaining of advantages, the
persistent use of cunning and force. An atmosphere tends to grow up
in which the militarist and the schemer are at home and the liberal
and democrat homeless.

There are many thousands of social reformers and radicals in this
country who instinctively loathe war, and have been convinced only
with the utmost reluctance, if at all, of the necessity of our
fighting. The danger is that these people, containing among them some
of our best guides and most helpful political thinkers, may from
disgust and discouragement fall into the background and leave public
opinion to the mercy of our own Von Tirpitzes and Bernhardis. That
would be the last culminating disaster. It would mean that the war
had ceased to be a war for free Europe against militarism, and had
become merely one of the ordinary sordid and bloody struggles of
nation against nation, one link in the insane chain of wrongs that
lead ever to worse wrongs.

One may well be thankful that the strongest of the neutral Powers is
guided by a leader so wise and upright and temperate as President
Wilson. One may be thankful, too, that both here and in France we
have in power not only a very able Ministry, but a strongly Liberal
and peace-loving Ministry. In the first place, it unites the country
far more effectively than any Ministry which could be suspected of
Jingoism. In the second place, it gives us a chance of a permanent
settlement, based on wisdom and not on ambition. It is fortunate also
that in Russia the more liberal elements in the Government seem to be
predominant. Some English Liberals seem to be sorry and half ashamed
that we have Russia as an ally; for my own part I am glad and proud.
Not only because of her splendid military achievements, but because,
so far as I can read the signs of such things, there is in Russia,
more than in other nations, a vast untapped reservoir of spiritual
power, of idealism, of striving for a nobler life. And that is what
Europe will most need at the end of this bitter material struggle. I
am proud to think that the liberal and progressive elements in Russia
are looking towards England and feeling strengthened by English
friendship. "This is for us," said a great Russian Liberal to me some
days ago,--"this is for us a _Befreiungskrieg_ (war of liberation).
After this, reaction is impossible." We are fighting not only to
defend Russian governors and Russian peasants against German invasion,
but also, and perhaps even more profoundly, to enable the Russia of
Turgenieff and Tolstoy, the Russia of many artists and many martyrs, to
work out its destiny and its freedom. If the true Russia has a powerful
voice in the final settlement it will be a great thing for humanity.

Of course, all these hopes may be shattered and made ridiculous before
the settlement comes. They would be shattered, probably, by a German
victory; not because Germans are wicked, but because a German victory
at the present time would mean a victory for blood-and-iron. They
would be shattered, certainly, if in each separate country the liberal
forces abandoned the situation to the reactionaries, and stood aside
while the nation fell into that embitterment and brutalization of
feeling which is the natural consequence of a long war.

To prevent the first of these perils is the work of our armies and
navies; to prevent the second should be the work of all thoughtful
non-combatants. It may be a difficult task, but at least it is not
hideous; and some of the work that we must do is. So hideous, indeed,
that at times it seems strange that we can carry it out at all--this
war of civilized men against civilized men, against our intellectual
teachers, our brothers in art and science and healing medicine, and
so large a part of all that makes life beautiful. When we remember
all this it makes us feel lost and heavy-hearted, like men struggling
and unable to move in an evil dream.... So, it seems, for the time
being we must forget it. We modern men are accustomed by the needs of
life to this division of feelings. In every war, in every competition
almost, there is something of the same difficulty, and we have
learned to keep the two sides of our mind apart. We must fight our
hardest, indomitably, gallantly, even joyously, forgetting all else
while we have to fight. When the fight is over we must remember.




[End of First Thoughts on the War, by Gilbert Murray]
